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71.
Naoya Suzuki Naoto Ebuchi Chaofang Zhao Isao Watabe Yasuhiro Sugimori 《Journal of Earth System Science》2002,111(3):305-313
Relationship between the non-dimensional roughness length and inverse of wave age has been discussed without consideration
of wave directions, though wind wave field consists of various directional component waves. In this study we observe wave
heights by an array of four wave gauges at the Hiratsuka Tower of (Independent Administrative Institution) National Research
Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention (NIED), Japan, and discuss the effect of wave directionality. As a result,
the data sets were classified into two different groups according to the directional wave spectrum distribution. In case 1
only swell and wind waves exist and in case 2 there exist wave components from several directions. It is shown that the case
of multiple-directional component waves (case 2) may affect the non-dimensional roughness length and friction velocity. 相似文献
72.
Natural Resources Research - 相似文献
73.
A 100 m laser strainmeter system installed in a 1 km deep tunnel at Kamioka, Gifu, Japan 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Shuzo Takemoto Akito Araya Junpei Akamatsu Wataru Morii Hideo Momose Masatake Ohashi Ichiro Kawasaki Toshihiro Higashi Yoichi Fukuda Shinji Miyoki Takashi Uchiyama Daisuke Tatsumi Hideo Hanada Isao Naito Souichi Telada Nobuo Ichikawa Kensuke Onoue Yasuo Wada 《Journal of Geodynamics》2004,38(3-5):477
We have installed a laser strainmeter system in a deep tunnel about 1,000 m below the ground surface at Kamioka, Gifu, Japan. The system consists of three types of independent interferometers: (1) an EW linear strainmeter of the Michelson type with unequal arms, (2) an NS-EW differential strainmeter of the Michelson type with equal arms and (3) a NS absolute strainmeter of the Fabry–Perot type. These are configured in L-shaped vacuum pipes, each of which has a length of 100 m. (1) and (2) are highly sensitive (order of 10−13 strain) and have wide dynamical range (10−13–10−6). Observations with strainmeters (1) and (2) started on June 11, 2003. (3) is a new device for absolute-length measurements of the order of 10−9 of a long-baseline (100 m) Fabry–Perot cavity by the use of phase-modulated light. This third strainmeter will be ready for operation before the end of 2004. The laser source of strainmeters (1) and (2) is a frequency-doubled YAG laser with a wavelength of 532 nm. The laser frequency is locked onto an iodine absorption line and a stability of 2 × 10−13 is attained. The light paths of the laser strainmeter system are enclosed in SUS304 stainless steel pipes. The inside pressure is kept to be 10−4 Pa. Consequently, quantitative measurement of crustal strains of the order of 10−13 can be attained by employing the laser strainmeter system of (1) and (2) at Kamioka. This resolving power corresponds to that of a superconducting gravimeter. Using the laser strainmeter system, we expect to determine parameters related to fluid core resonance, core modes and core undertone as well as other geodynamic signals such as slow strain changes caused by silent earthquakes or slow earthquakes. 相似文献
74.
Evaluation of Interpolation Accuracy of Neural Kriging with Application to Temperature-Distribution Analysis 总被引:8,自引:0,他引:8
An interpolation method based on a multilayer neural network (MNN), has been examined and tested for the data of irregular sample locations. The main advantage of MNN is in that it can deal with geoscience data with nonlinear behavior and extract characteristics from complex and noisy images. The training of MNN is used to modify connection weights between nodes located in different layers by a simulated annealing algorithm (one of the optimization algorithms of the network). In this process, three types of errors are considered: differences in values, semivariograms, and gradients between sample data and outputs from the trained network. The training is continued until the summation of these errors converges to an acceptably small value. Because the MNN trained by this learning criterion can estimate a value at an arbitrary location, this method is a form of kriging and termed Neural Kriging (NK). In order to evaluate the effectiveness of NK, a problem on restoration ability of a defined reference surface from randomly chosen discrete data was prepared. Two types of surfaces, whose semivariograms are expressed by isotropic spherical and geometric anisotropic gaussian models, were examined in this problem. Though the interpolation accuracy depended on the arrangement pattern of the sample locations for the same number of data, the interpolation errors of NK were shown to be smaller than both those of ordinary MNN and ordinal kriging. NK can also produce a contour map in consideration of gradient constraints. Furthermore, NK was applied to distribution analysis of subsurface temperatures using geothermal investigation loggings of the Hohi area in southwest Japan. In spite of the restricted quantity of sample data, the interpolation results revealed high temperature zones and convection patterns of hydrothermal fluids. NK is regarded as an interpolation method with high accuracy that can be used for regionalized variables with any structure of spatial correlation. 相似文献
75.
Elastic moduli of forsterite were measured between 300 and 1,200 K (? 1.6 times the Debye temperature) by the Rectangular Parallelepiped Resonance method. All the moduli decrease regularly with temperature. A summary of the results is as follows: